Introduction - ideal for man = to act deliberately = with perfect voluntariness | = intrinsic principles (knowledge and freewill) are employed - BUT this is not always the case – it is not always possible = There are times when a degree of doubt or reluctance accompanies an act or our emotions take control of us, creating swift reactions and stirring our impulses - There are factors that can influence or really influences man’s inner disposition towards certain actions - They affect the mental and emotional state of the person = therefore, they may increase or decrease voluntariness and consequently, the accountability PRINCIPLE: “The greater the knowledge and freedom, the greater the voluntariness; and the greater the voluntariness, the greater the moral responsibility.” – Alfredo Panizo - Man does not act in a vacuum – he is an organism; meaning to say, his movement is qualified as a response to certain stimulus - His total make-up is the sum of all his experiences = there are lots of factors around him that we should take into account. (For ex., personal background, education, social upbringing, religion, personal hopes, aims and dreams etc.) = they contribute to his development, to his choices and decisions and to his behavioral preference MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS a) Ignorance b) Passions c) Fear d) Habit e) Violence a) IGNORANCE - Erroneous knowledge or simple lack of knowledge - Absence of knowledge which a person ought to possess = Ignorance of FACT = Ignorance of LAW “Ignorance of Law exempts no one” - implies that one who has done wrong may not simply and directly claim ignorance as defense or justification or to be freed from sanction attached to the Law that was violated - implies that one should not act in the state of ignorance but always strive to dispel it 1) Vincible Ignorance - form of Ignorance which can be easily remedied through ordinary diligence and reasonable efforts 1.a) Affected Ignorance - a person possess this kind of Ignorance when a person employs positive efforts to be ignorant in order to be escape responsibility - it is Vincible Ignorance explicitly wanted = studied ignorance 2) Invincible Ignorance - kind of Ignorance which a person possesses without being aware of it or lack the means to rectify it PRINCIPLES: 1) Invincible Ignorance renders an act involuntary - a person is not liable or cannot be culpable if he is not aware of his ignorance or when there is no means of rectifying his ignorance 2) Vincible Ignorance does not destroy but lessens voluntariness and the corresponding accountability over the act - when a person becomes aware of one’s ignorance, he/she has the moral obligation to rectify it- and to act with this is a form of imprudence 3) Affected Ignorance though it decreases voluntariness, increases the accountability over the resultant act - it interferes intellect – decrease voluntariness - it is willed to persist – increases accountability - refusing to rectify ignorance is malicious – and malice is graver if ignorance is used as an excuse for not doing the right thing b) PASSION - Either tendencies towards desirable objects (positive emotions like love, desire, delight, hope, bravery etc) or tendencies away from undesirable or harmful things (negative emotions like horror, sadness, hatred, despair, fear, anger etc) Passions – psychic responses –niether moral or immoral - however, man is bound to regulate his emotions and submit them to the control of reason 1) Antecedent Passions - precedes the act - predisposes a person to act 2) Consequent Passions - those that are intentionally aroused and kept - voluntary in cause; the result of the will playing the strings of emotion PRINCIPLES: 1) Antecedent Passions do not always destroy voluntariness but they diminish accountability for the resultant act - they weaken the will power without obstructing freedom completely - therefore, crimes of passion are always voluntary although accountability is diminished because it interferes with the freedom of the will 2) Consequent Passions do not lessen voluntariness but may even increase responsibility - consequent passions are direct results of the will which fully consents to them instead of subordinating them to its control c) FEAR - disturbance on the mind of the person – being confronted by an impending danger or harm to himself, to his loved ones or to his property - one is compelled to decide to perform an act so as to avoid threat of future or imminent evil 1) Act done with fear - certain actions which by nature are dangerous or risky - in theses cases, fear is a normal response to danger - these actions are voluntary because the doer is in ful control of his faculties and acts inspite of fear - fear here is an instinct for self-preservation (we even fear new experiences or situations) ex. Being left alone in a strange place, being asked to speak before a group of people 2) Act out of fear or because of fear - fear here becomes a positive force compelling a person to act without careful deliberation - fear modifies the freedom of doing, inducing the person to act in a certain predetermined manner, even without his full consent Ex. A child – studies/reads his books – out of fear of his mother A man – stops smoking – fear of contracting cancer PRINCIPLES: 1) Acts done with fear are voluntary - acting inspite of his fear and is in full control of himself 2) Acts done out of fear are simply voluntary although conditionally involuntary - simply voluntary = person remains in control of his faculties - conditionally involuntary = if it were not for the presence of something feared, the person would not act or would act in another way - Intimidating or threatening as person with horror is an unjust act - Legally speaking, acts done out of fear – invalid acts Ex. Contract – made out of fear – voidable – later be annulled 3) Acts done because of intense fear or panic are involuntary - panic – obscures the mind – in this mental state, the person is not expected to think sensibly d) HABIT - permanent inclinations to act in a certain way - lasting readiness and facility born of frequently repeated acts or for acting in a certain manner - acquire the role of second nature – moves a person to perform certain acts with relative ease Habit – not easy to overcome or alter - requires a strong-willed person to correct a habit Voluntary Habits - those caused by the repetition of voluntary acts Involuntary Habits - a habit becomes such if the will is resolved to remove it and there is a struggle to overcome it PRINCIPLES: 1) Actions done by force of habit are voluntary in cause, unless a reasonable effort is made to counteract the habitual inclination - Bad Habits – voluntary in cause because they are results of previously willed acts done repeatedly - as long as the habits are not corrected, evil acts done by force of habit are voluntary and accountable - can be not accountable – if a person decides to fight his habit. For as long as the effort towards this purpose continues, actions resulting from such habit may be regarded as acts of man because the cause of such habit is no longer expressly desired e) VIOLENCE - any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling the said person to act against his will Ex. Bodily torture, maltreatment, mutilation, etc PRINCIPLES: 1) External actions or commanded actions performed by a person subjected to violence, to which reasonable resistance has been offered, are involuntary and are not accountable - active resistance should always be offered to an unjust aggressor - if resistance is impossible and there is a serious threat to one’s life, a person confronted by violence cab offer intrinsic resistance 2) Elicited acts, or those acts done by the will are not subjected to violence and are therefore voluntary Will – a spiritual faculty – therefore, not within the reach of violence - In history – there are thousand heroes who suffered death instead of surrendering their will to their tormentors. Thos who succumbed and submitted to the wishes of their tyrants should not be considered as villains because they easily gave in to their tormentors because every man has his own limit of endurance
Thursday, June 28, 2012
Two Types of Human Actions
1. Human Act (actus humaini) – An action that is performed with the use and consent of our thinking (intellect and judgment) and our willing (doing); also called “personal acts”. • Above: elder brother; bored teen-ager. 2. Acts of Humans (actus hominis) – Actions that happen without the intervention of our thinking and willing. These include: a. Biological processes – like digestion, breathing, etc. b. Actions performed without, or a physically impaired use reason and intellect – like people asleep, lunatics, drunk or drugged people. c. Spontaneous reactions that precede any intelligent and willful activity – like the first reaction of anger or joy or sadness, etc. d. Forced acts carried out against a person’s personal decision and will. The Human Act Up Close Two Components of the Human Act 1. The Intellectual Component – An action may be said to be a human act if the person uses his intelligence in order to know or recognize a particular object or action. We cannot will to do something without knowing what it is, or what it’s for. A human act is something we do consciously. We know what we’re doing and why. We also know the object of our action, that is, the person or thing that receives our act. 2. The Volitive Component – Volitive, from the Latin, voluntas, “will”. Every voluntary act of persons is directed towards what s/he thinks is “good”. (This includes people with impaired conscience or morals.) Human acts are willed, deliberate, purposeful acts done with freedom. Two Kinds of Voluntary Acts and Their Effects Acts 1. Perfectly Voluntary Act – An act that is performed with full attention and full consent of the intellect and the will. 2. Imperfectly Voluntary Act – An act that is performed in which either or both the attention and the consent of the doer are imperfect or impaired. Two possibilities: a. Imperfect attention and consent: A drunk pissing in public; a drug addict murdering his family while loaded. b. Full attention but imperfect consent: A soldier being tortured and eventually confessing army secrets. 3. Voluntary Active Act – An act in which committing something creates an effect. 4. Voluntary Passive Act – An act in which the effect is attained by a person’s choice not to act. Two types: a. Positive Passive Act: When the omission of an act prevents evil from happening. • A priest keeping quiet about a person whose confession he heard while his parishioners talk about her; • A student who keeps his eyes on his own paper during a test despite the temptation to look around. b. Negative Passive Act: When the omission of an act results in evil. • Not confessing that you know the rapist or drug dealer at large; • Keeping quiet about first-hand information about fraternity-hazing, drug users and pushers. Effects 1. Directly Voluntary Effect – The effect of an action is directly voluntary when the deed is in itself the intended goal (when deed and goal are one and the same); OR if the deed is intended for another willed goal. 2. Indirectly Voluntary Effect – The effect is indirectly voluntary if the effect is merely permitted or allowed to happen as an inevitable result of another intention. Transition to “Freedom” There is still one vital prerequisite to actions of human beings in order that we may say they are human acts, and in order that we may judge whether a certain human act is moral or not. Without this prerequisite, this essence of the human person, we cannot be fully held responsible for what we do. But because we believe that we are responsible for our voluntary acts, we presume there is this one prerequisite that makes us thus accountable, and this is the prerequisite of FREEDOM.
Tuesday, June 19, 2012
What is Ethics? Etymologically:It comes from two Greed word ethos,meaning a characteristic way of doing things, or a body of customs. Hence, it is a study of human customs or ways of doing things. Classical Definition: It is the science of the morality of human acts. It is a science because it is a systematic body of knowledge meant to guide men in their pursuit of the good and happy life. Ethics is therefore a practical science; it is not a speculative science that merely theorizes. Ethics is meant to be applied, i.e., it teaches how men ought to live. Note: Ethics can be divided into two: A. General Ethics – concerns the individual and what he ought to do to live happy and fruitful life in this world. B. Special Ethics – concerns the individual as a member of society. All problems concerning society and the social order are taken up. THE IMPERATIVES OF ETHICS Ethics presupposes some imperatives or sine qua non, “those with which” Ethics would not be possible. These imperatives are: 1. the existence of God or a Supreme Being 2. the existence of human freedom; 3. the existence of an afterlife, i.e., life beyond the grave, or the immortality of the soul What is Morality? Mortality is the quality of goodness or badness of human acts. It is also the rightness or wrongness of human acts as they conform or do not conform to standards. Human acts are those that are done with full knowledge and full willingness or deliberation. Acts that are done without full knowledge or full willingness or deliberation or both are termed acts of man.Human acts must conform to a standard to determine whether they are good or bad, right or wrong, moral or immoral. MORAL THEOLOGY *Moral Theology seeks to relate the Christian to the complex realities of living in the world. *Interested on the implications of the Christian faith. A.Ethics of Being B. Ethics of Doing Ethics of Being *Interiority of the person. *Actions are always expression of a person. *It pays attention to what is happening to the person performing actions rather than on the actions the person performs. *It asks: What sort of person should I become because I believe in Christ? *Character Ethics of Doing *Interiority of the person get expressed in behavior *Right actions come from a good person *Attends not only to the duties and obligations of the person acting but also to the circumstances which make up the moral situation *It asks: What sort of action should I perform because I believe in Christ? *Action Five Guidelines to the Development of Moral Theology Vocation of the Christian - Call to Holiness - Invitation from Christ to a personal response of love. Love God through one’s neighbor - The life of Christian must live daily in word and deed. - As a service for others not purely between God and individual. More Biblical - More thoroughly nourished by scriptural teaching. - Imbued with a deeper sense of the Word of God as revealed in scripture and of the history of Man’s salvation through the mystery of Christ found in the bible. More Scientific - constant dialogue with other field of study. On Going Task - Socially oriented and must come into grips with contemporary problems. THREATS TO LIFE: WHATEVER IS OPPOSED TO LIFE *Murder, genocide, abortion, euthanasia, suicide WHATEVER VIOLATES THE INTEGRITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON *mutilation, torments inflicted on body and mind WHATEVER INSULTS HUMAN DIGNITY *Subhuman living conditions slavery imprisonment human trafficking disgraceful working conditions ALL THESE ARE: Poisons to human society Against the order of reason. THEY ARE: Expanding with new prospects Opened up by scientific technological progress. IRONY Progress in science and technology Regress in moral life. GRAVE CONCERN: Broad sectors of public opinion JUSTIFY certain crimes against life. HOW? By invoking the rights of individual freedom and By obtaining exemption from punishment even authorization by the state, so that these crimes can be done with total freedom IT IS GRAVE AND DISTURBING THAT CONSCIENCE IS DARKENED BY WIDESPREAD CONDITIONING AS A RESULT, IT HAS BECOME DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN GOOD AND EVIL ROOTS AND SOURCES OF CONTEMPORARY MORAL TRENDS 1. Profound Crisis of Culture CULTURE pattern of human knowledge, customary belief, and behavior of a racial, religious, or social group the characteristic features of everyday existence shared by people in a place or time the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices CAUSE: Skepticism in relation to the foundations of knowledge and ethics EFFECTS: difficulty in grasping clearly: - The meaning of human existence - The meaning of man’s rights and duties MAN FINDS HIMSELF LOST 2. Existential and Interpersonal difficulties EXISTENTIAL *grounded in existence or the experience of existence *Aggravated by the complexity of society where people no longer want to take responsibility for their neighbors 3. Situations of Acute Poverty, Anxiety or Frustration CONCLUSION: THE CONTEMPORARY MORAL TRENDS MAKE THE CHOICE TO DEFEND AND PROMOTE LIFE DEMANDING AS SOMETIMES TO REACH THE POINT OF HEROISM
Monday, December 12, 2011
Motivational Quotes
If you love what you do, you will never work another day in your life."
--Confucius
"Forget past mistakes. Forget failures. Forget everything except what you're going to do now and do it."
-- William Durant
"We cannot become what we need to be by remaining what we are."
-- Max DePree
"Though no one can go back and make a brand new start, anyone can start from now and make a brand new ending."
-- Carl Bard
"I have missed more than 9,000 shots in my career. I have lost almost 300 games. On 26 occasions I have been entrusted to take the game winning shot... and I missed. I have failed over and over and over again in my life. And that's precisely why I succeed."
-- Michael Jordan, one of the NBA's greatest players.
"I'm not telling you it is going to be easy - I'm telling you it's going to be worth it"
-- Art Williams
"The most painful thing to experience is not defeat but regret"
-- Leo Bascaglia
"The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be continually fearing you will make one."
-- Elbert Hubbard
"You are today where your thoughts have brought you; you will be tomorrow where your thoughts take you."
-- James Allen
"The trouble with many plans is that they are based on the way things are now. To be successful, your personal plan must focus on what you want, not what you have."
-- Nido Qubein
"Challenging the meaning of life is the truest expression of the state of being human." - Viktor Frankl
"Everything must be made as simple as possible but not one bit simpler."
-Albert Einstein
"Strength of mind is exercise, not rest."
-Alexander Pope
Man often becomes what he believes himself to be. If I keep on saying to myself that I cannot do a certain thing, it is possible that I may end by really becoming incapable of doing it. On the contrary, if I have the belief that I can do it, I shall surely acquire the capacity to do it even if I may not have it at the beginning. Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi
"I'm not the kind of guy to knock at a door and then when the door is opened not go in."
-William Saroyan
"Few minds wear out; most rust out."
-Christian Nextell Bouee
"No man is free that cannot command himself."
-Pythagoras
"Learn something new every day under the sun. You will never get old if you do."
-Lois Bey
"Inspiration springs more readily from knowledge than from ignorance."
-Horace Meyer Kallen
"Doubt whom you will, but never doubt yourself."
-Christian Nestell Bovee
"Destiny is not a matter of chance, but of choice. Not something to wish for, but to attain."
-William Jennings Bryan
"Whatever you truly conceive of in the mind, is possible."
"Every action of our lives touches on some chord that will vibrate in eternity."
-Edwin Hubbel Chapin
"Great minds have purposes, others have wishes. Little minds are tamed and subdued by misfortune; but great minds rise above them.."
-Washington Irving
"The world is moving so fast these days that the man who says it cannot be done is generally interrupted by someone doing it."
-Elbert Hubbard
Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work.
- Thomas Alva Edison
"Those who are quite satisfied sit still and do nothing; those who are not quite satisfied are the sole benefactors of the world."
-Walter Savage Landor
A ship in harbor is safe -- but that is not what ships are for.
- John A. Shedd
The road to success is dotted with many tempting parking places.- Unknown
"Each forward step we take we leave some phantom of ourselves behind."
-John Lancaster Spalding
School is a building that has four walls--with tomorrow inside.
Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds.
There are many ways of going forward, but there is only one way of standing still.
A lot of us would like to move mountains, but few of us are willing to practice on small hills.
Doing your best is more important than being the best.
Giant oak trees started out as little nuts.
The most powerful weapon on earth is the human soul on fire. -- Ferdinand Foch
Always give more than what's expected. -- Donald Trump
If we did all the things we were capable of doing, we would literally astound ourselves. -- Thomas Edison
Do not follow where the path may lead. Go instead where there is no path and leave a trail. -- Ralph Waldo Emerson
Neither you nor the world knows what you can do until you have tried. -- Ralph Waldo Emerson
So many times people end up fixated on doing things rights, that they end up doing nothing at all. -- The Wright Brothers
A professional writer is an amateur who didn't quit. -- Richard Bach
Fall seven times, stand up eight. -- Japanese proverb
Many of life's failures are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up. -- Thomas Edison
Never give in. Never. Never. Never. Never. -- Winston Churchill
You have not lived a perfect day, unless you've done something for someone who will never be able to repay you. -- Ruth Smeltzer
Without deviation, progress is not possible. -- Frank Zappa
If you're not lighting any candles, don't complain about being in the dark.
I will never give in until the day that I die. I'll get myself some independence, carve out a future with my two bare hands. -- The Alarm
If at first you don't succeed, you're like everyone else who went on to greatness. -- Patrick Combs
Apply yourself. Get all the education you can, but then, by ***, do something. Don't just stand there, make it happen. -- Lee Iacocca, Chairman Chrysler Motors
Sites (You can find more there):
http://www.innertalk.com/quotes.html
http://www.coolmath.com/Survivor-Algebra/10-motivational-quotes.html - there are a lot more
http://quotations.about.com/cs/inspirationquotes/a/Life24.htm - I haven't read it, but that looks good
http://djstoddard.wordpress.com/ - btw, it is a great blog of Unmotivated Motivational author
http://www.redsofts.com/articles/read/284/8249/How_To_Make_The_Most_Of_Your_Life.html
by Xiena Lin
Tuesday, November 2, 2010
_QoutEs that make you reaLize tHings_
1. All things in life change, it happens with valid reason so if you doubt why it happens to you, stick to this: we can never learn to be brave and patient if there’s only joy in the world”.
2. “Don’t count what you lost, cherish what you have & plan what to gain because past never returns but future may fulfill the loss...”
3. “A good life is when you assume nothing, do more, need less, smile often, dream big, laugh a lot and realize how blessed you are for what you have”
4. All things in life change, it happens with valid reason so if you doubt why it happens to you, stick to this: we can never learn to be brave and patient if there’s only joy in the world”
Thursday, October 21, 2010
my autobiography
I’m Rogelyn Llaños Panuncialman a first year student taking up Bachelor of Science in Accountancy. I describe myself as a person who is kind, hardworking and God-fearing. One of my childhood memories is the time when I joined the Girls Scouts Camping. On that camping, I was able to stand on my own for a short period of time. I have learned how to cook my own viand, wash my own clothes, dress myself properly and mingle with the other young girl scouts; “To try is to learn”, is the quote that I have learned on that time. My high school graduation is the best memory so far that I have encounter. Despite of those trials and failures that I have faced, I still have the guts to pursue my study. There are lots of hindrances that are waiting on my journey. Every time I felt depressed, I’m planning of committing suicide. God is great; he did not left me on that situation alone. He reminds me that what was happening was just a challenge for me. When ever I have a problem, I just keep it by myself. It is because I’m not fund of telling it to others. I don’t want them to get worry. Most of the time, they are the one who shares to me their problems and ask for my advices. For my part, I could say that my real strength and inspiration are my beloved parents and my grandparents who have always been there when I needed them most. They cared for me and are concerned of my welfare. They are those whom I will always count on for support and love. Because of that, I bear in mind that I will never fail them with there hopes and dreams for me. They are always part of every honor and success that I will reap on the future.
University of the Immaculate Conception (UIC) is my present school. It is one of the prestigious Universities in the heart of Davao City. Aside from that, this school is accredited level III of the PAASCU. The subject that I liked most is PE because it gives me no doubt in getting a high grade. English is the subject that I disliked most. I’m not fund of writing those essays because I find it difficult to think and express my ideas and opinions on a certain topics for a short period of time. For the past five months in going to school, I could say that I’m lucky for I faced the nice teacher. Spending your time with them everyday is a great one. They talked to us as if we were fellows. Sometimes they got mad because we are not able to catch up what they wanted as to learn. They wanted us student to be like them. My classmates are nice and outgoing. They are open when you need their help. Aside from being classmates, they are also my friends.
I plan to graduate first and find a good job so that I can raise my parents from poverty. I will set up a little business so that I can earn more money. I also have a plan in going outside the country. I might earn high salaries there. I will then invest my money and set up a bigger business.
Five years from now, I can see myself as a professional woman. I’ll be having my first job as well.
UIC education contributes to the accomplishment and success of my plans and ambition through its high quality standard of teaching, preparing us students for a brighter future.
Monday, October 12, 2009
RESEARCH PAPER
1. Title Page
PROSTATE CANCER
A Research Paper
Presented to
Mr. Neil A. Improgo
Faculty of the English Department
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Course
English IV
by
Rogelyn L. Panuncialman
October, 2009
2. Acknowledgment
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to express their sincerest thanks and gratitude to the following persons who extended help and encouragement to make this study a reality;
Mr. Neil Improgo, English Teacher, for his valuable and expert advise, knowledge and excellent ideas, thus supporting, advising, supervising and guiding the researches with utmost patience that inspire to complete the study;
Dr. Erlinda C. Chico, Secondary School Principal II of
Miss Methuselah K. Arenas, Class Adivser, for her sincere and moral support;
The parents of the researchers, for the support and concern that serves as the researcher’s inspiration during the making of the study.
Above all, to Almighty GOD, for the enlightenment, strength, wisdom patience and guidance which He bestowed upon the researchers all times.
3. Dedication
DEDICATION
To
Our beloved parents,
friends and classmates;
our relatives, teachers and
most especially to
the school where our future lies
This humble piece of work is dedicated.
Rogelyn Panuncialman
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE........................................................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .........................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION....................................................................................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................iv
Outline ...............................................................................................................................................1
Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 2
Body................................................................................................................................................... 3
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................
WORKS CITED 20...............................................................................................................................
APPENDICES
Pictures 21
Video 22
5.Outline
PROSTATE CANCER
I.Definition
II.Causes
III.Symptoms
IV.Diagnosis
V.Treatments
VI.Preventions
VII.History
The prostate is a small gland in the pelvis that's found only in men. It's located between the penis and the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the penis.
The main function of the prostate is to help in the production of semen. The prostate produces a thick white fluid that is then liquefied by a special protein known as prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The fluid is then mixed with sperm, produced by the testicles, to create semen.
7.Body
8.Conclusion
Prostate cancer is the leading cancer diagnosis and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men in the United States. Prostate cancer is predominantly a disease of the elderly man with an average patient age of 72 years at the time of prostate cancer diagnosis. Studies show that men of African heritage have a high incidence of prostate cancer worldwide and that prostate cancer mortality rates relate strongly to the average level of fat consumption around the world. In the early stage of prostate cancer, the patient may not experience a single prostate cancer symptom. Often, the disease is 'silent.' Treatment approaches to prostate cancer vary. The choices depend on the patient's prostate cancer treatment preferences, the prostate cancer stage, the patient's life expectancy, and the general physical and medical condition of the patient.
- http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/Mosby_factsheets/prostate_cancer.html
www.prostate.com
www.healthlink.mcw.edu%2farticle%2f938623681.html
http://web.ask.com/redir?bpg
- Ferri, FF. Prostate cancer. In: Ferri, FF. Ferri's clinical advisor: Instant diagnosis and treatment. 2005 ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc; 2005: 671-672.
- ^ a b "IARC Worldwide Cancer Incidence Statistics—Prostate". JNCI Cancer Spectrum. Oxford University Press. December 19, 2001. http://web.archive.org/web/20060205235509/http://www.jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/statContent/cspectfstat;99. Retrieved on 2007-04-05 through the Internet Archive
10.Appendices
photos
videos
